Leadership, power, influence, director- it can defined in many ways The WritePass Journal

Leadership, power, influence, director- it can defined in many ways Introduction Leadership, power, influence, director- it can defined in many ways IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction Leadership, power, influence, director- it can defined in many ways, but most commonly Leader is a person who influences the thoughts and behaviors of others; a leader is one who establishes the direction for others to willingly follow. One person can serve as a leader or several persons might share leadership. A person may be appointed as leader or may be elected by people within his circle. Leaders play vital role in standardizing performance. Leaders can influence other to perform beyond the expectations. Managers plan, organize, lead and control so that â€Å"leading† and â€Å"managing† are inseparable, they are both integral part of each other. If one do not able to influence and inspire others to work willingly towards aims then all planning and organizing will be ineffective. Similarly setting direction is usually not enough, no matter how inspiring one can be, management skills are crucial. Leaders will simultaneously fill many roles interacting, motivating group members, solving conflicts as they arise. Leaders set vision, strategies, goals, and values in order to guide for desired action and behavior. Leaders are characterized by certain traits which distinguish leaders from non-leaders includes Drive, desire to lead, honesty, cognitive ability, self-confidence and knowledge. Effective leaders must have two major qualities: knowledge and communication competence. Leader needs knowledge of issue and the ways of effectively leading a team. This knowledge will enable leader to identify alternatives available. He also needs to be an effective communicator as equally listener and speaker. Leaders should acquire qualities of flexible, openness, empathetic, courage, interactive, and positive attitude. An effective leader generally values people, listen actively, gives credit to others, have consistent behaviors, admits mistakes, have a sense of humor and above all they set a good example for their followers. I have been working in refractory company called Magnezit in Russia. Magnezit LTD Company is one of the biggest Company in Europe which mine the product called magnezit. There I have developed three major departments of Production, Finance and Marketing. I have developed a seven-member team, which is headed by me. We usually came across discussing major issue related to finance, production and marketing. We made plans, had discussions, and generate ideas. My job out there was to design the agenda, set priorities, follow-up the discussions, and made our session meaningful. At the same time I performed simultaneously role of interacting, motivating group members, solving conflicts as they arise. During our sessions we set vision, developed strategies, and evaluated our past perf ormance in order to guide ourselves for desired action and behavior. Being a leader of the firm I had dual responsibilities to organize and develop a culture of selflessness. A failure of my team member was the failure of me. I had to do my work selflessly and biggest challenge for me was to get my team members also work selflessly for our firm. Each of our team members felt as he/she was the owner of the firm and we did our work for firm success, we should not to stick it for earning livelihood. That was the most admiring change, which I strove to bring about. The hardest job for me was to set myself as an example for my all fellows. I am not a leader based on how well I work with others or how admired I am. I am a leader based on my actions and how I affect the world around me. I try to never stray from this design because being a positive role model and doing the right thing is the best way to live your life. Being a leader is much more than just being the guy or girl with the ideas or plans. Being a leader is something much more than being the person with their act together and knowing what to do at a moment’s notice. â€Å"Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.† By doing the right things I live my life as truthfully as I can. I keep my mind on the things that matter most to me: university, family, sport, my future and all the things that make me who I am as an individual. Conclusion All such exercises have made me able to actively contribute towards Master of Science in Management program. MSM program will provide me an opportunity to further develop a broader understanding of management/leadership and enhancing my analytical skills. This program will also provide me with the hands-on study and learn from varied backgrounds. My prior leadership experience will provide me a feedback while attending MSM program. This will provide me an opportunity to share my experiences with others. Also this program will enhance my leadership traits and enable me to learn and develop my capabilities as becoming successful leader. Moreover, it will improve my communication skills and gain more knowledge through the experiences of group members. These learning will help me to improve my attitude and behavior that would be helpful in my leadership career. I am fully confident that MSM program has the potential to make me able to achieve my challenge to bring an organizational cultu re of selflessness.

Dates in June for Science, Trademarks and Inventors

Dates in June for Science, Trademarks and Inventors In the world of science, there are dates in June that are standouts for invention, patents, trademarks and a variety of achievements. Also worthy of mention are the birthdays of the men and women who made these innovations possible. For example, in 1895, the gasoline-powered automobile was patented in June. Also in June, a few years earlier (1887), the Coca-Cola bottle label was trademarked. A famous birthday, long ago, on June 7, 1502, was Pope Gregory XIII, who invented the Gregorian calendar in 1582, which is the same calendar in use today. Significant Happenings in June in the World of Science and Invention The following table outlines the dates of significant scientific events and inventor birthdays: Date Event Birthday June 1 1869Thomas Edison obtained a patent for an electrographic vote recorder 1826Carl Bechstein, German piano manufacturer, who invented improvements to pianos1866Charles Davenport, American biologist who pioneered new standards of taxonomy1907Frank Whittle, English aviation inventor of a jet engine1917William Standish Knowles, American chemist who developed pharmaceutical compounds (Nobel Prize, 2001)1957Jeff Hawkins, American who invented the Palm Pilot and Treo June 2 19062,ure a Grand Old Flag by George M. Cohan was trademark registered1857James Gibbs patented the first chain-stitch single-thread sewing machine 1758Cornelis Rudolphus Theodorus Krayenhoff, Dutch physicist, hydraulic engineer, cartographer and fortress architect June 3 1969New York Rangers was trademark registered1934Dr. Frederick Banting, the coinventor of insulin, was knighted 1761Henry Shrapnel, English inventor of shrapnel1904Charles Richard Drew, pioneer of blood plasma research1947John Dykstra, pioneer in the development of computers in filmmaking for special effects June 4 1963Patent No. 3,091,888 was granted to 6-year-old Robert Patch for a toy truck 1801James Pennethorne, architect who designed Kennington Park and Victoria Park in London1877Heinrich Wieland, German chemist, who researched bile acids; made the first synthesis of Adamsite; and isolated the toxin alpha-amanitin, the principal active agent of one of the worlds most poisonous mushrooms (Nobel Prize, 1927)1910Christopher Cockerell invented the Hovercraft June 5 1984Safety cap for a medicine bottle patented by Ronald Kay 1718Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker1760Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist who discovered yttrium1819John Couch Adams, English astronomer who codiscovered Neptune1862Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, who researched the refractive properties of the eye to focus images (astigmatism), and invented an improved ophthalmoscope and corrective lenses for use after removal of a cataract (Nobel Prize, 1911)1907Rudolf Peierls, physicist with a major role in Britains nuclear program, who coauthored the Frisch-Peierls memorandum, the first paper on constructing an atomic bomb from a small amount of fissionable uranium-2351915Lancelot Ware founded Mensa1944Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer, was a pioneer of public-key cryptography June 6 1887J.S. Pembertons Coca-Cola label was trademark registered 1436Johannes Muller, astronomer who invented astronomical tables1850Karl Ferdinand Braun, German scientist who invented the first oscilloscope, known as the Braun tube, and invented a form of wireless telegraphy (Nobel Prize, 1909)1875Walter Percy Chrysler, car manufacturer who founded Chrysler Corporation in 19251886Paul Dudley White, heart specialist who was the father of preventive cardiology1933Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist who co-invented the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, providing the first images of individual atoms on the surfaces of materials (Nobel Prize, 1986) June 7 1946Eensie Weensie Spider by Yola De Meglio was copyright registered1953The first color network telecast in compatible color was broadcast from a station in Boston 1502Pope Gregory XIII invented the Gregorian calendar in 15821811James Young Simpson, Scottish obstetrician who discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform, and successfully introduced chloroform into general medical use1843Susan Elizabeth Blow, American educator who invented kindergarten1886Henri Coanda, Romanian inventor and aviation scientist who designed early jet engines1896Robert Mulliken, American chemist and physicist, who was behind the early development of molecular orbital theory (Nobel Prize, 1966)1925Camille Flammarion, French astronomer and writer, was the first to suggest the names Triton and Amalthea for the moons of Neptune and Jupiter and published the magazine LAstronomie June 8 1869Ives McGaffey patented a carpet sweeping machine, the first patent for a device that cleaned rugs 1625Giovanni Cassini, French astronomer who discovered the moons of Saturn1724 John Smeaton, British engineer who invented the air pump for diving gear1916Francis Crick, British molecular biologist, physicist and neuroscientist, who co-discovered DNA structure and had a crucial role in research related to revealing the genetic code, and who also attempted to advance the scientific study of human consciousness with theoretical neurobiology (Nobel Prize, 1962)1955Tim Berners-Lee, computer pioneer who lead the development of the World Wide Web, HTML (used to create web pages), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Locators) June 9 1953Patent No. 2,641,545 was granted to John Kraft for the manufacture of soft surface cured cheese 1781George Stephenson, English inventor of the first steam locomotive engine for railroads1812Hermann von Fehling, German chemist who invented Fehlings solution used for estimation of sugar1812Johann G. Galle, German astronomer who discovered Neptune1875Henry Dale, British physiologist who identified acetylcholine as a possible neurotransmitter (Nobel Prize, 1936)1892Helena Rubinstein, invented different cosmetics and founded the Helena Rubinstein Company1900Fred Waring, American inventor of the Waring Blender1915Les Paul, American inventor who invented the Les Paul electric guitar, sound-on-sound, the eight-track recorder, overdubbing, the electronic reverb effect and multitrack tape recording. June 10 1952The polyester film Mylar was trademark registered1902A patent for the window envelope for letters was granted to H.F. Callahan 1706John Dollond, English optician and inventor who was granted the first patent for an achromatic lens1832Nicolaus Otto, German automobile designer who invented an effective gas motor engine and the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine, called the Otto Cycle Engine1908Ernst Chain, German chemist and bacteriologist who invented a manufacturing process for Penicillin G Procaine and made it available as medication (Nobel Prize, 1945)1913Wilbur Cohen was the first hired employee of the Social Security System June 11 1895Charles Duryea patented a gasoline-powered automobile 1842Carl von Linde, German engineer and physicist who wrote the Linde-process1867Charles Fabry, scientist who discovered the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere1886David Steinman, American engineer and bridge designer who built the Hudson and Triborough bridges1910Jacques-Yves Cousteau, French oceanic explorer who invented diving gear June 12 1928The brightly colored, candy-coated, licorice candy, Good and Plenty was trademark registered 1843David Gill, Scottish astronomer known for research on measuring astronomical distances, astrophotography, and geodesy1851Oliver Joseph Lodge, English radio pioneer who invented spark plugs June 13 1944Patent No. 2,351,004 was granted to Marvin Camras for the magnetic tape recorder 1773Thomas Young, British philologist and physician who established the wave theory of light1831James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist who discovered the electromagnetic field1854Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor of the steam turbine1938Peter Michael, English electronic manufacturer and founder of Quantel, who invented hardware and software packages for video production, including UEI and Paintbox June 14 1927George Washington Carver received a patent for a process of producing paints and stains 1736Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist who wrote Coulombs Law and invented the torsion balance1868Karl Landsteiner, Austrian immunologist and pathologist who invented the modern system of classification of blood groups (Nobel Prize, 1930)1912E. Cuyler Hammond, scientist who was the first to prove that smoking causes lung cancer1925David Bache, English car designer who invented the Land Rover and Series II Land Rover1949Bob Frankston, computer programmer and inventor of VisiCalc June 15 1844Charles Goodyear was granted patent No. 3,633 for vulcanized rubber 1932Einar Enevoldson, American test pilot for NASA June 16 1980The Supreme Court declared in Diamond v. Chakrabarty that living organisms are products of human ingenuity are patentable 1896Jean Peugeot, French auto manufacturer who invented Peugeot automobiles1899Nelson Doubleday, American publisher who was the founder of Doubleday Books1902Barbara McClintock, American cytogeneticist, who lead in the development of maize cytogenetics (Nobel Prize 1983)1902George Gaylord Simpson, American paleontologist and expert on extinct mammals and their intercontinental migrations1910Richard Maling Barrer, chemist and the founding father of zeolite chemistry June 17 1980Ataris Asteroids and Lunar Lander are the first two video games to be copyright registered 1832William Crookes, English chemist and physicist who invented the Crookes tube and discovered thallium1867John Robert Gregg, Irish inventor of shorthand1870George Cormack, inventor of Wheaties cereal1907Charles Eames, American furniture and industrial designer1943Burt Rutan, American aerospace engineer who invented the light, strong, unusual-looking, energy-efficient Voyager aircraft, the first plane to fly around the world without stopping or refueling June 18 1935Rolls-Royce was trademark registered 1799Prosper Meniere, French ear doctor who identified Meniere Syndrome1799William Lassell, astronomer who discovered the moons of Uranus and Neptune1944Paul Lansky, American electronic-music composer and a pioneer in the development of computer music languages for algorithmic composition June 19 1900Michael Pupin granted a patent for long-distance telephony1940Brenda Starr, the first cartoon strip by a woman, appeared in a Chicago newspaper 1623 Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and physicist who invented an early calculator1922Aage Neals Bohr, Danish physicist who researched the atomic nucleus (Nobel Prize, 1975) June 20 1840Samuel Morse was granted a patent for telegraphy signals 1894Lloyd Augustus Hall, American food chemist who invented food preservation methods June 21 1834Cyrus McCormick of Virginia patented the reaper for the cultivation of grain 1876Willem Hendrik Keesom, Dutch physicist who was the first person to freeze helium gas into a solid1891Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian architect who designed the Nuove Struttura1955Tim Bray, Canadian inventor and software developer who wrote Bonnie, a Unix file system benchmarking tool; Lark, the first XML Processor; and APE, the Atom Protocol Exerciser June 22 1954The antacid Rolaids was trademark registered1847The donut was invented 1701Nikolaj Eigtved, Danish architect who built Christiansborg Castle1864Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician who created a geometry of numbers, and who used geometrical methods to solve difficult problems in number theory, mathematical physics and the theory of relativity1887Julian S. Huxley, English biologist who was a proponent of natural selection, the first director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund1910Konrad Zuse, German civil engineer and computer pioneer who invented the first freely programmable computer June 23 1964Arthur Melin was granted a patent for his Hula-Hoop 1848Antoine Joseph Sax, Belgian inventor of the saxophone1894Alfred Kinsey, entomologist and sexologist, who wrote the famous Kinsey Report on American Sexuality1902Howard Engstrom, American computer designer who promoted the use of the UNIVAC computer1912Alan Turing, mathematician and computer theory pioneer, who invented the Turing Machine1943Vinton Cerf, American inventor of internet protocol June 24 1873Mark Twain patented a scrapbook1963The first demonstration of a home video recorder took place at BBC Studios in London, England 1771E.I. du Pont, French chemist and industrialist, who founded the gunpowder manufacturing company E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, now just called Du Pont1883Victor Francis Hess, American physicist who discovered cosmic rays (1936, Nobel Prize)1888Gerrit T. Rietveld, Dutch architect who built Juliana Hall and Sonsbeek Pavillion1909William Penney, British physicist who invented the first British atom bomb1915Fred Hoyle, cosmologist who proposed steady-state universe theory1927Martin Lewis Perl, American physicist who discovered the tau lepton (Nobel Prize, 1995) June 25 1929A patent was granted to G.L. Pierce for a basketball 1864Walther Hermann Nernst, German physical chemist and physicist who is known for his theories behind the calculation of chemical affinity as embodied in the third law of thermodynamics, and for developing the Nernst equation (Nobel Prize, 1920)1894Hermann Oberth, German rocket scientist who invented the V2 rocket1907J. Hans D. Jensen, German physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus (Nobel Prize, 1963)1911William Howard Stein, American biochemist who was known for his work on ribonuclease and for his contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule (Nobel Prize, 1972)1925Robert Venturi, American modern architect who built the Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery, Wu Hall at Princeton and the Seattle Art Museum June 26 1951The childrens game Candy Land was trademark registered. 1730Charles Joseph Messier, astronomer who catalogued M objects1824William Thomson Kelvin, British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale1898Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft designer and manufacturer who invented the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter plane, the most important fighter in the German Luftwaffe1902William Lear, engineer and manufacturer, who invented jets and eight-track tape, and founded the Lear Jet company1913Maurice Wilkes invented the stored program concept for computers June 27 1929The first color television was demonstrated in New York City1967Baltimore Orioles and NY Jets trademarks were registered1967The name Kmart was trademark registered 1880 Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree June 28 1917Raggedy Ann doll was invented1956First atomic reactor built for private research starts operations in Chicago 1824Paul Broca, French brain surgeon, the first person to locate the speech center of the brain1825Richard ACE Erlenmeyer, German chemist, who invented the conical Erlenmeyer flask in 1961, discovered and synthesized several organic compounds, and formulated the Erlenmeyer rule1906Maria Goeppert Mayer, American atomic physicist, who proposed the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus (Nobel Prize, 1963)1912Carl F. von Weiszacker, German physicist, who performed nuclear research in Germany during WWII1928John Stewart Bell, Irish physicist who wrote Bells Theorem June 29 1915Juicy Fruit chewing gum was trademark registered 1858George Washington Goethals, civil engineer who built the Panama Canal1861William James Mayo, American surgeon who started the Mayo Clinic1911Klaus Fuchs, German nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and was arrested for being a spy June 30 1896William Hadaway was issued a patent for the electric stove 1791Felix Savart, French surgeon and physicist who formulated the Biot-Savart Law1926Paul Berg, American biochemist known for his contributions to research in nucleic acids

Improving Interactive Play for students with Autism Essay

Improving Interactive Play for students with Autism - Essay Example The conversation could have been a casual one as the only thing important in these students would have been relating to their initiating powers. This would help to increase the overall initiating power of these students and thus help them to interact with each other easily without any conflict. Lastly the students could have been rewarded in accordance to their particular needs with the things that they desire the most (Mastropieri & Scruggs 2010) After the intervention program the students can be allowed to settle with each other so that they can get to interact amongst each other without anyone prompting or reinforcing them. The students would be put in a friendly environment so that they can easily interact with each other and play accordingly. It is very important for an adult to supervise these students in according to their particular needs. It is very important for the students to be given a chance to interact with each other freely without any particular set of rewards or perks (Mastropieri & Scruggs

Biodiversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biodiversity - Research Paper Example The disturbance in the balance is due to the disturbance in the food chain. Like in a forest ecosystem, none of the animal is valueless; lamas, zebras, buffaloes and deer are eaten by tigers, lions, leopards and jaguars. If the ecosystem faces the extinction of the lions, tigers, jaguars or leopards, the number of lamas, zebras, buffaloes and deer increase rapidly and thus there would be low food resources for them and animal will die from diseases, which will make the ecosystem unhealthy. Natural Alteration in the Ecosystem Natural occurrences like earthquakes, droughts, etc have heavy impact on the ecosystems. Natural occurrences can produce alterations to the ecosystem. Like the droughts become a reason for the shortage of food (Shah, 2011). The shortage of food may bring some of the creatures to extinct. However, some of the alterations are good for the environment and some of the alterations are worst in terms of extinctions of some of the creatures. Importance of Biodiversity B iodiversity is often considered to have no linkage with the economic sustainability. However, environmental sustainability is often thought to have a connection with the biodiversity. In fact, biodiversity is connected to economic as well as environmental sustainability (Shah, 2012). It can provide food, water and a healthy atmosphere. A decline in the biodiversity of the planet would bring many problems. Biodiversity, Food Resources and Economics Most of the food resources come from the biological resources. If the biological resources regarding the food become less, then there would be a lot of hunger and disease. In this way, it is almost impossible without the utilization of food resources. The economics of a country are largely linked the production and utilization of the food resources. The more the food resources a country has, the more food there will be to export and earn money, to boost the economy. Results show that forty percent of the world’s economy is dependent on the biological resources. However, paper, textile and timber industry will also remain incomplete without preserving biodiversity. In this way, industrial economy depends much on biodiversity, while tourism increase due to forests and preserved marine life. Biodiversity and Medicine Biodiversity has much importance in terms of medicines, as most of the medicines come from the plant and animal sources. The medicines like coniine, etc, which is utilized in the malarial disease come from the plant. The research and development in the field of medicine is totally incomplete without biological resources. In this way biological resources have much importance in the field of medicines. Biodiversity and Climate Change Climate change is one of the biggest threats to the biodiversity of the planet. Some creatures like coral are much sensitive to the small change in the temperature and a little increase in the temperature could become a cause of the death of coral reefs. Coral are importan t in providing many fish and some other marine creatures a shelter and thus extinction of the coral means the extinction of many other species too (Harris, 2012). However, the protection of the biodiversity can only be a factor in controlling the climate change, as the major

A Factor For Firm Formation Economics Essay

A Factor For Firm Formation Economics Essay Firms are all around us and are the main expressers of economic activity in the modern capitalistic world. We observe firms being created, growing, evolving, expanding into new areas by merging with others but also remaining stable, declining, getting acquired and sometimes declaring bunkruptcy. It is clear that firms activities vary a lot and as a result, multiple studies regarding them have been undertaken during the course of the years. This essays purpose is to address the, perhaps, most important element associated with a firms existence, its formation, and especially the conditions and the reasons under which firms tend to form. But first, in order to be able to explain the circumstances and the factors that lead into the successful formation of a firm, a definition of it will be given. According to Jensen and Meckling, a firm is a legal fiction which serves as a focus for a complex process in which the conflicting objectives of individuals are brought into equilibrium within a framework of contractual relations (1976 p.311). The feature of the firm that makes it unique, though, is its ability to supersede the price mechanism, one of the pylons on which the whole economic theory is based, with decisions taken by the firms agents upon real-life situations and which, in most cases, deviate from what the economic theory through the price mechanism dictates (Coase 1937 p.390). Of major importance in this essay is the attempt to present, describe and evaluate the existence of transaction costs, which is a key aspect of Coases, Arrows Williamsons and Di Maggios analyses of the reasons why firms are formed. However, although it is crucial in understanding the genesis of a firm and its explanatory capability is invaluable, economising on transaction costs theory does not provide a sole explanation of it and other factors must be taken into account in order for us to have a clearer picture of the situation. The purpose and length of the essay does not provide the possibility to elaborate in a thorough and complete way about those factors, but technological advances and entrepreneurial spirit and creativity will be outlined and briefly explained. Moreover, for a successful firm creation to take place, there are many conditions that need to hold true, some of which will be presented in the following analysis. These are: widely understood rules when it comes to go verning a firm, and analytical planning before the actual formation of the firm. Transaction Costs Theory: Both a condition and a factor for firm formation As argued by the title given above, the transaction costs theory can be seen as both a condition and a factor on which a successful firm formation relies, depending on how the reader perceives the situation. The existence of transaction costs is a condition for firms to arise, but the process by which the economic agents economise on transaction costs is probably the most crucial factor that drives firm formation and that is why it will be analysed separately from the other conditions and factors. The main reason for a firms formation is the cost of using the price mechanism by which the economic system is being run (Coase 1937 p.390; Arrow 1969 p.70). Or, according to Williamson, a firm is the product of a series of organisational innovations that have had the purpose and effect of economising on transaction costs (1981 p.1537). More specifically, organising production through the price mechanism enables an obvious transaction cost of finding out what the current prices of interest are. Even if specialist price finders existed, this type of cost would not be totally eliminated (Coase 1937 p.390). As it can be understood, this more realistic theory contradicts with the theoretical model of the economy, in which there is perfect price information to all agents. But what is understood of transaction costs and what actions do firms take in order to reduce them? Transaction costs are mainly the costs of deciding, haggling, arranging and coordinating actions that constantly take place in the market, as Paul Di Maggio has argued (2001 p.8). Furthermore, they include the creation of contracts for each separate transaction that occurs in the market. As firms are created, these contracts are not eliminated but they are greatly reduced, since the founder-manager of the firm does not have to create contracts for every single transaction in which his/her company participates, as implied by the economic theory. Through this procedure, multiple costs are avoided, because the so called marketing costs are strictly reduced. For example, only one contract per employee is needed, in which the relationship between him and the firm (and its agents) is clearly stated. That will include the amount and the way of payment, the working hours and the certain limits within which the employee will have to obey the employer (Coase 1937 pp.390-393). Further methods that firms use in order to minimise transaction costs are the introduction of repetitive and predictable activities for their employees, by giving duties to them through a clear job description, eliminating the possibility of negotiations about the allocation of tasks. As a result, employers have more time to deal with important issues and decisions concerning the firm. In addition, the fair treatment to employees provided by the firms environment guarantees the reduction of transaction costs, since there is a specified reward-punishment system that everybody abides by, that results to immediate elimination of conflicts (Di Maggio 2001 pp.8-9). Regarding the same topic, Williamson has argued that pre-contract negotiation and task and deliverables specification will reduce the necessity for periodic interventions to check the progress of the contracts execution and its successful comple tion (1981 p.1544). Another crucial question about the transaction costs touches upon the reason of their existence. Related to it are two behavioural assumptions: bounded rationality and opportunism. According to the bounded rationality theory, people are less competent in calculations and are not able to account for every issue that is contract-related and therefore are transaction costs created. Moreover, people are opportunistic and unreliable, because they, many times, act having just their personal interest in mind. Consequently, it is possible that they are going to behave in a non-trustworthy and irresponsible way (Williamson 1981 pp.1544-1546). As it has been presented above, a key factor for a firms formation is the deviation from the economic model that portrays humans as perfectly rational beings that make right choices and have no flaws. As a bottomline, Coases writing about firm growth and expansion should be mentioned, according to which firms grow as their entrepreneurs undertake additional transactions exchange transactions that are co-ordinated through the price mechanism and try to expand until the costs of organising an extra transaction within the firm, equals the cost of carrying out the same transaction by means of an exchange on the open market or the costs of organising in another firm (Coase 1937 p.393, p.395). This is important because we are able to grasp how the second major challenge that firms founders face, the growth of their firm, after, of course, the successful formation of the firm, is illustrated based on the transactions theory described earlier. Conditions under which firms are formed Apart from transaction costs, there are also other conditions that need to hold true in order for a firm to be successfully constituted. A set of widely understood and fairly applied rules is essential, because they deter employees from using firms to seek their personal interest and urge them to contribute to achieve the firms goals. Perhaps the most important rule has to do with the hierarchy of the organisation, that is who gives orders to whom and who has the last call, when decision-making is involved. Secondly, clear admission and promotion criteria need to be established, so that firms transparency is maintained, and lastly routines for the performance of work need to exist, in order for deliverables to be easily checked in terms of integrity. Generally, rules within a firm serve a double role by specifying who does what work and by dictating which behaviours are worth rewarding and which punishing (appraisal punishment system) (Di Maggio 2001 p.8). Of major importance, when it comes to explaining the circumstances under which a firm is brought to life, is the planning that the entrepreneur(s)-founder(s) of the firm has/have to do before he/she/they can actually start building it, since a business plan, according to Delmar and Shane, turns abstract goals into concrete operational steps and therefore is crucial for both a firms existence and success. What is meant with the term business planning is the effort that firm founder(s) need(s) to make so that he/she/they gather(s) the appropriate information about a business opportunity and the action of finding and understanding how this information will be used to give birth to a new organisation that will try and make use of this opportunity (2003 p.1165). Through business planning the founder(s)-manager(s) of the firm is/are going to be able to spot and capitalise in a more efficient and risk-free way on the reduction of transaction costs. Without planning, a firm can not in most c ases fulfill its ultimate goal, survival, and the most sought after one, profit maximisation. Factors that drive firm formation Why is a firm created and what are the key factors that lead to its formation are two closely related questions that will be discussed in this section of the essay. One of these factors is technology and its regime that, according to Shane, includes four dimensions age of technical field, tendency of the market towards segmentation, effectiveness of patents and importance of complementary assets in marketing and distribution which affect the trend for inventions to be exploited through new firms formation (2001 p.1188). This formation is the reaction of potential entrepreneurs when they observe that specific domains of tecnology exploitation are profitable. Concluding, technology is crucial because it has become the main reason for innovation and that is the force that drives firms to the creation of new products, services and processes (Chandler 1959 p.25). Yet another factor that leads to firm formation is the creativity that a person shows, when he/she observes an opportunity to make profits through the creation of a product or provision of some kind of service. This creativity is referred to as entrepreneurship and is associated with spirit, vision and alertness to business opportunities that a person needs to possess (Lee, Florida and Acs 2004 pp.889-890). Whether someone possesses the gift of entrepreneurship or not, is determined by regional variation and characteristics such as population size, industrial structure, human capital capacity and financing availability (Armington and Acs 2002 p.37). A useful claim about entrepreneurship was made by Stuart and Sorenson who argued that firms founding rate is affected by social ties and the entrepreneurs need to reside near resources that they find necessary to mobilise (2003 p.229). Finally Schumpeter, when talking about his concept of creative destruction, he underlined the responsibi lity that independently owned firms bear for reforming or revolutionising, another indicator of the importance of entrepreneurship for firm formation as well as growth (1942 p.132). Conclusion To sum up, although there is no doubt that the firm is an important and complex institution, according to Williamson there seems to be disagreement when it comes to examining the conditions and the reasons that underlie its formation (1981 p.1537). However, much of firms formation literature and analysis relies on the existence of transaction costs and the firms attempts to economise on them. The deviation from the markets theory of organising the economic activity to the firms alternative one, brings upon the two behavioural assumptions bounded rationality and opportunism that introduce reality into the model and cease portraying human beings as perfectly rational. Apart from transaction costs, more conditions and firm formation factors are described in order for the analysis to be more complete within the length limit of this essay. Lastly, since the firms will always be in the centre of the economic activity, and as the state of the world and peoples behaviour change through tim e, it is possible that when similar analyses are to be conducted in the future, new findings regarding the reasons and the conditions under which firms arise, will be discovered that might as well change our perspective.

Bottled Water Essay

A couple of decades ago, people turn to the tap for drinking water. Now, most people, both young and old, drink water from bottles. In fact, the demand for bottled water is so great that it has become a multimillion-peso business in the country today. Why is there a substantial growth in the demand for bottled water? The main reason is the increasing health consciousness of the people. Many people prefer bottled water because they question the cleanliness of tap water. The quality of tap water has been decreasing. To be safe, people choose bottled water to avoid drinking water that may be contaminated with harmful microorganisms. Contaminated water can cause diarrhea and other stomach disorders that kill, like dysentery, gastroenteritis, amoebiasis, cholera, and hepatitis. Mostly, the bottled water that you buy is either mineral water or purified water. Water plants use surface water or ground water as the main raw material. These plants are located in places far from cities and industrial centers to avoid contamination. MINERAL WATER Mineral water comes from mineral springs. It normally contains a high content of mineral salts or gases, and which consequently may have an action on the human body different from that of ordinary water. Mineral waters are usually classified as alkaline, saline, chalybeate (iron-containing), sulfurous, acidulous, and arsenical. Mineral springs are generated deep underground, where, under intense heat and pressure, calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, and other minerals are leached from the surrounding rocks. Mineral water is also called aerated water. (The term â€Å"aerated† means charged with gas.) The most common gases that are in mineral water are carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. GUIDELINES FOR BOTTLED MINERAL WATERS There are strict rules for water to be labeled as mineral water. Genuine mineral water should contain the right percentage of such minerals as manganese, chromium, selenium, zinc, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, and other minerals. In California, United States, to be labeled â€Å"mineral water,† the water must contain 550 parts per million (ppm) of total dissolved solids (TDS). In Europe, mineral water must meet several criteria. One is that the water must flow freely from its source, meaning it may not be pumped or forced from the ground, and the water must be bottled directly at its source. Furthermore, the water’s properties, such as its temperature, mineral balance, and pressure have not varied in ten years. Some better known brands of mineral water in Europe include Evian and Ferrier of France, Ferarrele of Italy, and Apollinaris of Germany. All these conatin 330, 560, 1,400, and 2,250 ppm of TDS, respectively. MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF MINERAL WATER It has long been believed that mineral springs possess great curative powers. In fact, people have used mineral water since ancient times to cure such ailments as rheumatism, skin infections, and poor digestion. Also, many effervescing waters (impregnated with carbon dioxide gas) are used as table beverages and to dilute spirits or wines. Because of the springs’ medicinal effects, medicinal spas have been built around mineral springs. These spas are frequented by people who are hoping that the spring’s waters will relieve them of their ailments, such as gout, liver trouble, indigestion, and rheumatism. DISTILLED WATER Water that is treated by the process of distillation forms distilled water. This substance is purer than the original water because salt and other impurities do not evaporate with the water. Distillation is the principal method for purifying water. In this process, the water is vaporized into steam, the steam is condensed back into liquid water, and the water is collected in a separate container, leaving behind the impurities. Other methods of water purification include chlorine treatment, ozone treatment, ultraviolet decontamination, and oxidation-reduction media. Also, one method of water purification is with the use of iodinated resin. Iodinated resin can destroy even the smallest viruses through electrostatic attraction. Negatively charged contaminants are drawn to the positively charged resin. This ensures contact, no matter how small the microorganisms that might otherwise escape if filters are used. Upon contact, the resin releases sufficient iodine to penetrate and kill the microorganisms. PRODUCING SAFE, PURE WATER One of the most effective methods of producing safe, pure water consists of a three-step process. The first step is the use of sediment filters to remove large particles. The sediment filter acts to screen out suspended matter and can also remove many harmful bacteria and protozoa that may be present in the water. The second step is to purify the water through the use of iodinated resin. This devitalizes even the smallest harmful microorganisms within the water. Biological contaminants could also be removed by exposure to ultraviolet light, killing the microorganisms that may still be in the water. The third step is the use of carbon filters to remove taste- and odor-causing contaminants. The filter’s activated carbon and its ion exchange resin remove unwanted ions and molecules from water, leaving those that make water  pleasant to drink. The activated carbon also initiates a chemical reaction that converts free chlorine, which water utilities put in water to kill germs, into chloride and hydrogen ions, which are safe and taste all right. Other systems in bottling water consist of several steps that utilize both purification and filtration processes. In some systems, water is passed through as many as 16 stages in the whole process. Water is an all-important substance that sustains life here on earth. However, safe, pure water is becoming a rare commodity everywhere. Bottled water, whether mineral or distilled, offers safe drinking water for all of us.

The Impact Of Media On Indigenous Collective Action

One of the most famous images within Canadian history is that of a tense moment between two men facing each other. The image shows a masked armed indigenous man leaning over the smaller soldier before a moment of apparent confrontation. On one level, the image itself is colonial portraying the soldier as keeping the peace against the unknowable â€Å"other.† Thereby in many parts this image misrepresents the complex reality of the situation and the history surrounding the Oka confrontation. But this image represents more then merely the Oka crisis, but rather the often one sided portrayal of Indigenous people within the media. The media has played an important role in shaping perception on Indigenous collective action. But like the photo†¦show more content†¦There are two national media controversies in the summer of 1990. The first involved the controversy surrounding the stopping of the Meech Lake Accord by Elijah Harper who an act of protest initiated a filibuster before the accord’s deadline. The second crisis beginning in July 11, 1990 involving a 78-day armed standoff between the Mohawk nation of Kanesatake, the Quebec provincial police, and the Canadian armed forces near the town of Oka, Quebec which became known as the Oka Crisis. The events began in June 30, 1990 when the municipality of Oka was granted a court injunction to dismantle a peaceful barricade erected by the people of Kanesatake in an effort to defend their sacred lands from further encroachment by non-Native developers. The event and the standoff brought wide spread reactions from across Canada and the world. Despite many facts and details being well known there was a level of ambiguity around the events. For example, few reporters at the time conducted interviews with residents behind the blockade. 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