Martin Luther King Jr. Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change Essay Example

Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change Paper Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change Martin Luther King, Jr. , was one of the most powerful leaders in the civil rights movement, from the bus boycott to his historical speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. Martin Luther King presented his most inspiring speech on August 28, 1963, and it had a great impact on the United States. In his speech he emphasized phrases by repeating at the beginning of sentences. He also repeated key theme word in his speech including â€Å"freedom†, â€Å"we†, â€Å"our†, â€Å"you†, â€Å"nation†, â€Å"America†, and â€Å"dream†. Martin Luther King, Jr. also utilized appropriate quotations and allusions in his compelling speech. Using biblical verses and references to national documents like the Declaration of Independence. He used specific examples to ground his argument along with making numerous geographic references. His use of metaphors to high light contrasting concepts allowed his audience to associa te thoughts with concrete images and emotions. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is the most historical speech during the civil rights movement because of the impact it had on America. First of all, Martin Luther King, Jr. , wrote his speech using anaphora, repeating words at the beginning of neighboring causes. Repeating the words twice sets the pattern, and further repetitions emphasize the pattern and increase the rhetorical effect. â€Å"I have a dream† is repeated in eight successive sentences and is one of the most often cited examples of anaphora in modern rhetoric. He had many key phrases: â€Å"One hundred years later†, â€Å"now is the time†, â€Å"we must†, â€Å"we can never be satisfied†, â€Å"go back to†, â€Å"I have a dream†, â€Å"with this faith† and â€Å"let freedom ring†. In Kings speech he said â€Å"one hundred years later† four times in the beginning of his I have a dream speech. Even in the absence of the remainder of the speech, these key phrases and by extension make King’s story more memorable. The use of anaphora in Martin Luther King’s speech added emphasis to catch America’s attention. Next Martin Luther King repeated key theme words throughout his speech. â€Å"Repetition in forms like anaphora is quite obvious, but there are more subtle ways to use repetition as well. † (Dluang) If you were to count the frequency of the words used in King’s speech like â€Å"I have a dream† you would ind that it was repeated seven times (King). â€Å"The most commonly used noun is â€Å"freedom†, which is used 20 times. It makes sense, since freedom is the primary theme in the speech. † (Dluang) Other commonly repeated words: â€Å"we† repeated 30 times, â€Å"our† repeated 17 tim es, â€Å"you† repeated eight times, â€Å"nation† repeated ten times, â€Å"America† repeated five times, â€Å"justice† repeated eight times, â€Å"injustice† repeated three times, and â€Å"dream† repeated 11 times. The proper usage of repetition of key theme words in his speech brought a greater effect to the audience We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr.: Dream Often, Dream Big, Dream Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another powerful speech writing technique used by Martin Luther King, Jr. , was how he utilized appropriate quotations and allusions. â€Å"Evoking history and literary references is a powerful speech writing technique which can be executed by using direct quotations or an allusion. † (Dluang) He refers to Abraham Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg Address where he begins â€Å" Four score and seven years ago† this allusion is an authentic point given that King was in front of the Lincoln Memorial. â€Å"As he began his speech â€Å"Five score years ago implying that the Emancipation Approximation was signed one hundred years ago. † (Dluang) Also in his speech he says â€Å"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,† reference to the United States Declaration of Independence. Along with national documents he referred to numerous biblical allusions to provide a moral basis to his argument. In the second paragraph he says,† in came as a joyous daybr eak to end the long nights of their captivity,† which alludes to Psalms 30:5 â€Å"for his anger is not but for a moment, his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. † Many more biblical verses were shared to provide the moral basis in King’s argument. To show that in the bible no matter what color or language you spoke that everyone was created equal and share the earth together so one should not discriminate another because they are different. Also providing specific examples which illustrate his logic and argument helped his speech impact many lives. Martin Luther King, Jr. made numerous specific geological references throughout his speech including Mississippi, New York, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Colorado, California, and Tennessee. He mentioned Mississippi on four separate occasions in his speech because Mississippi would evoke some of the strongest emotions and images for his audience because that is on of the most prejudice states. He also used generic geographic references like â€Å"slums and ghettos of our nort hern cities†, â€Å"the South†, â€Å"every mountainside†, and â€Å"from every village and every hamlet†. Using geographic references gave his audience an image of how life was for the Negro and the harsh injustice that was served. Lastly King’s usage of metaphors to high light contrasting thoughts to catch attention to the large audience he was speaking to. To high light the contrast between two abstract concepts, consider association them with contrasting concrete metaphors. For example, to contrast segregation with racial justice, King evokes the contrasting metaphor of the dark, desolate valley and the sunlit path, the dark, desolate valley being segregation and the sunlit path being racial justice. Martin Luther King also said, â€Å"Joyous day break to end the long night of their captivity. † Along with that he also said, â€Å"The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. † The usage of metaphors to high light contrasting concepts allows King to associate his speech concepts with concrete images and emotions that inspire his audience. All in all Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is one of the most important speeches ever made during the civil rights movement. He was one of the most influential man to all African Americans. This speech had a great impact on America because of his emphasized phrases at the beginning of each sentence, his repetition of key theme words throughout his speech, appropriate usage of quotations and allusions, his specific examples that grounded his arguments, and his powerful use of metaphors to highlight contrasting concepts. He used biblical allusions to help his moral basis in his arguments. He also quoted the United States Declaration of Independence to provide reference that all Americans should be free no matter what color they are.

James Dalton Trumbo Essays - English-language Films, Dalton Trumbo

James Dalton Trumbo Essays - English-language Films, Dalton Trumbo Dr. Roger B. Beck History 1526G 6 October 2015 Book Review James Dalton Trumbo was a screenwriter and novelist. Born December 9, 1905 in Montrose, Colorado(John). Trumbo was born into a slightly over the poverty level family, where his dad was a shoe clerk. He was the first and only boy, followed by two sisters Catherine and Elizabeth. Trumbo attended and graduated from Grand Junction High school. Trumbo left to attend college (University of Colorado), while his family moved due to the financial struggle, which lift him to acquire a job at a bakery shop(John). He worked there for approximatively 10 years, while still writing short stories. Oscar Trumbo (father of James) passed away just before he received the job at the bakery(Biography). There Trumbo landed a job at a magazine company known as the Saturday evening Post there his career elevated. After being released from there for advertising himself and rehired by Colombia pictures(Biography). Trumbo had many of the books written; The time of the toad, The biggest thief in town, Night of t he Aurocks, and the eclipse. Trumbo known for his Oscar award for the brave one in 1956. He was also known for his blacklisting for his association with the Communist Party from 1947 to 1960. Although he had antiwar novel Johnny got his gun he was said to be misunderstand according to (Biography). 1975 the Academy recognized Trumbo as the academy winner. 1976 Trumbo died from a heart attack in lost Angeles, at 70 September 10, 1976 (Dalton Trumbo) The book set in world war 1-time period. The larger picture of the novel is the main character Joe Bonham, begins to think to himself about his current state. He has no sense of smell, touch, or sight. And his question is why? Why is he in the bed limbless from a war that did not have anything to do with him. As he thinks back of how his position was chosen or could have been different. At the beginning he continues to keep imagining older memories in his life, while still ignorant to the fact that everything that he thinks about is the closet thing he could get to going back to normal. As each day goes by, Joe begins to notice all the things he could no longer do. The first thing he is aware of is him being unable to hear. Overall the conspiracy behind the novel is how the government and/or military involve our people in war thats not our own. In the fact that there is no democracy, honor, or winning a war. No matter who is declared a winner you still lose. If anyone tries to inform you on that information, the government will try the best to contain it or suppressed it. Chapter 1, Joe Bonham feels nervous and hears a ringing sounds similar to a phone. In a dream he was having, he walks through the room of the bakery where he works. His mother called to let him know that his father died. Joe informs Jody Simmons and the night foreman that his father died and that he needs to go home. (page 3, paragraph 1) Chapter 2, Joe remembers how his mother would bake bread twice a week. He remembers her singing while she worked. when he was young, he used to go to the store while his father worked. His father would give him money, and Joe would order three hamburgers from the hamburger man and meet his father at home with them. (page 8, paragraph 1) Chapter 3, Joe becomes conscious again. He can not see or hear, he realizes that he feels doctors working on him and he is pleased with the help. He feels a doctor working on his arm then realizes that they have amputated it. He immediately reacts with anger, he feels the doctors are to lazy to fix and rather take it off to save time and energy. Joe ponders over what they will do with his arm. He also realizes that the ring his girlfriend gave him gave him is on that hand. (page 12, paragraph 1) Chapter 4, Joe feels hot and starts to think back again; he imagines him working on the railroad in the desert with

Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Essay Example for Free

Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Essay The method used was a field experiment as it took part in a classroom. This method was chosen because the independent variable can be manipulated to find the effect on the dependent variable, which can draw conclusions about cause and effect. Doing this allows reasonable control of extraneous variables and where the experimenter has a significant amount of control. An independent groups design was most appropriate because it prevents order effects and demand characteristics to a certain extent. There will be two groups, a control group who will be shown a random list of words and an experiment group who will receive a categorised list. This enables me to compare the number of words each group can recall and therefore claim the cause and effect. Independent variable Whether participants are presented with an organised list of words or not. Dependant variable Memory as measured by the number of words the participant recall from the list of words. Participants It was an opportunity sample of International school students from 13 to 14 years old. 10 participants were allocated into each condition randomly (condition 1: control group who received a random list of words, condition 2: experiment group with an organised list of categorised words). Each condition had 5 females and 5 males. Anyone that was available was asked if they would take part in the experiment. None of the participants dropped out and only 2 students refused to take part, because they were not ‘free’ at that moment. This sampling method was chosen because it was quick and convenient. By using independent designs, some extraneous variables were controlled. Order effects were prevented since different participants were allocated in different conditions. Having clear and concise standardised instructions reduced confusion. The procedures were standardised to reduce any experimenter effects. The room was kept in a constant temperature to reduce it from possibly affecting participant’s memory. Students were ranged from 13-14 years old. Other noise from outside the room may have distorted the results and therefore all windows and doors were closed so that as little noise as possible was allowed into the room. The group of participants who received the organised lists of words recalled more words than the participants with the randomly categorised list. It was distinctive from the graph that people given categorised words recalled more words than people who received a random list. The results support my hypothesis of better recall from students if words were categorised. The relationship between the independent and dependant variable was if the words were categorised, the higher the recall. Discussion Validity Validity is if the measuring apparatus measures what it’s meant to measure. By looking at the number of words remembered, it’s an indicator of memory as it is clear that the more words you recall the more words were remembered, this is called face validity and its purpose is to see if the experiment is testing what it’s supposed to measure. I chose 3 categories of words to use in my experiment and I think that they were the correct categories to use as they were all only 1 syllable and are generally used in everyday life. This is related to construct validity which is whether the method can be used to support the variable that is being measured. (If the experiment was replicated, we would see similar results) I think that I chose the words that best measure organisation and that my test was valid. Ecological validity is if the experiment measures a naturally occurring behaviour. This was a field experiment which has good ecological validity but it’s not usual for someone to be taken into a room and to participate in a test on a daily life setting. The participants were aware they were taking part in a psychology experiment so the results could have been affected by demand characteristics. Suggestions for improving validity Participants were aware they were talking part in a psychology experiment which could have created demand characteristics and possible experimenter bias. To obtain a higher ecological validity I could have applied my study to school/everyday life. For example, asking participants to recall a list of ingredients that they had used to bake a cake. This could prevent demand characteristics and experimenter bias as participants might not be aware this that it is a psychology experiment and could possibly make my results more valid. Doing this however, would make it harder to control any extraneous variables and the study would be more difficult to replicate and standardise. Reliability Reliability is whether the measuring method can measure consistently. If the experiment was repeated, similar results would appear. I have increased reliability using the same words in both lists. Two different lists of words decreases reliability as some words are easier to remember than others. Therefore using the same words will reduce this effect. In the list of organised words it was obvious that the experiment was testing memory which led to demand characteristics. The experiment were standardised which meant it’s easy to replicate. However, because participants were already told that they were taking part in a psychology experiment on memory, they knew what the experiment was about and could try harder to perform better on the test (demand characteristics). Improving reliability If I were to choose a different sampling method results would be much more representative, because my sample was an opportunity sample with only people who were ‘free’ at that moment. I could have chosen a random sample to increase reliability since there are different levels of cognitive abilities in students and not only people who were ‘free’. This method could be done by picking 10 males and females randomly (picking out names from hat) from each year group. This means a total of 70 subjects would be used instead of just 20 and doing this would give me more reliable results and a much more representative sample of school students. Also, to reduce demand characteristics the purpose of the experiment shouldn’t have been told to the participants until after the experiment, which is called debriefing. Implications of study Bousfield found that we have semantic organisation in our long-term memory. Bower et al found that organising words into a categorised hierarchy would help to improve recall. In this study I found that participants recalled more words when the words on this list were organised. This means that the findings of my experiment support both Bower’s and Bousfield’s findings. This implies that there is in fact a short and long-term memory and that there is some kind of semantic organisation of the information in the long-term memory which can improve people’s re-call. Generalisation of findings Target population is the age and group of people an experimenter plans to generalise their findings on. In my experiment the target population was Island School students between the ages 13-14 years old. This was hard to generalise due to the sampling method. The method was biased because only students who were available and around at that time were asked to participate. This could be improved if a larger sample of students were used and not only people who were ‘free’ to participate. My experiment only involved 20 people, which was too little to generalise a school of 1500 students. It was hard to generalise beyond the target population, as there are individual differences, psychological differences and cultural differences between much of the population. In addition my sample was too small to generalise beyond target population. Applications of everyday life It was found that an organised list of categorized words would be more efficient to remember than a randomly placed list of words. This can be applied to everyday life, for example when teachers teach children they have to teach in a systematical order so it is easier to recall the majority of information. As for a high school there is a syllabus which is organized by categorising the same type of information together. This is the most efficient way for remembering information and recalling it for exams. Categorisation in Long-Term Memory. (2017, Sep 17).

What are the factors that influence effective discharge from hospital Literature review

What are the factors that influence effective discharge from hospital of older people - Literature review Example The discussion aimed at analysing and investigating factors that influence effective discharge from hospital of older people. For this purpose, literature analysis pertaining to the research topic was conducted. After filtering more than 500 research papers of the period 2008-13; a total of 15-20 were selected with the criteria of focusing on the strategies related to the effective discharge of older people. Based on the results, it was found that effective discharge of older people depends on a number of internal and external factors. In this regard, system and healthcare environment, patients’’ knowledge, social factors, healthcare policies, effective communication, and planned policies play an important and decisive role. Additionally, it was found that hospitals need to focus more on understanding the needs and demands of older people and accordingly planning the assessment and discharge policies leading to mutual value. Finally, it was concluded that effective disc harge policies require proper planning, transparent assessment, and effective policies and communication for creating better results. Exclusion criteria were kept simple and precise and thus, articles, research papers, journals, and irrelevant academic books were excluded from the selection criteria. Articles accused of duplication and offering little understanding over the research topic were also not included. Additionally, studies conducted outside the UK and Western countries were also not included in the assessment and analysis process. Articles adding little value in terms of offering information on discharge policies of hospitals were excluded. Information through conferences and other proceedings were not used for the assessment process. 20 Stuen believed that effective discharge is a process used to decide the requirements of patients in terms of moving from one stage to another. In the healthcare industry, effective discharge of

Louis Riel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Louis Riel - Essay Example At one point, he attempted taking legal studies, but these attempts failed (Thomas 1887, p. 35-67).1 Despite the failed attempts to study religious studies and legal studies, Riel continued to give his opinion on issues of religion and political reforms. When giving his opinions, Riel appeared to be contended with whatever he said, and he never allowed anyone to oppose his opinions. His discussions were done using a strong command of languages. Riel was talented in catching the attention of his listeners through creating a sense of his importance. One notable thing about Riel was his understanding of dangers associated with engaging in physical wars despite his use of violent speeches. Majority of people living in the Red River knew Riel due to his popularity in engaging in matters of politics and religion (Thomas 1887, p. 35-67).1 Louis Riel and the Red River Rebellion In 1869, the Canadian government signed the Canadian Act of 1869, which introduced a provisional government for the colony in the Red River. This move by the Canadian government was not welcome by many settlers of the Red River. Riel was the fast to oppose the government’s move. Using his religious doctrines and political opinions, he challenged his fellow Half-breeds to stand strong and resist the Canadian authorities. The Half-breeds believed that the government’s move aimed at getting properties out of the Half-breeds living in Canada. The rebellion formed by Riel was done through mobilizing a few Half-breeds and instructing government surveyors to stop their work in the Red River (Lewis 2000, par. 1-25).2 After managing to stop the surveyors from carrying out their job, Riel and his group later seized Fort Garry, which held a company for military supplies and rifles. Later, a meeting for all Half-breeds living in Red River was convened, and people in attendance were convinced to adopt a proposed â€Å"bill of rights.† The proposed â€Å"bill of right† had fifteen provisions, which addressed the plight of the 2Half-breeds. When closing the convention, Riel proposed the formation of a provisional government, of which he would be the head. All this time, he was acting as the secretary general to a provisional government that believed to be in power after the inception of the rebellion. At one point, Riel warned people in Canadian authorities against intruding territories within the Red River (Lewis 2000, par. 1-25).2 Once the military operations within the seized Fort Garry came to an end, Riel became the master of the territory for close to six months. Settlers living in the Red River were in full support of Riel’s proposals, but his intentions of creating an independent government with him as the head left many settlers with a lot of questions. Many settlers thought that Riel had a strong will in fighting for the rights proposed in the â€Å"bill of rights† rather than calling for an independent republic. Furthermore, Riel showe d a lot of cruelty when dealing with people who opposed his ideas. He went to the extent of ordering the shooting of such people. At one time, Riel ordered for the shooting of an Orangeman of which it was later discovered that the shooting was motivated by personal differences. The shooting of the Orangeman aroused fellow Orangemen living in Upper Canada. The heightened mood in Upper regions of Canada caused the English government to interfere in the issue (Thomas 1887, p. 35-67).3 The colonial

New Product Launch Marketing Plan, Part II Essay Example for Free

New Product Launch Marketing Plan, Part II Essay The following is the second part to the iNKtopia product launch plan. The second part of the marketing plan consists of a detailed target market profile, including buying behaviors, decision motivators, and organizational target markets. The plan also includes steps to manage each stage of the product life cycle and tactical plans for the Four P’s. Finally, the second part of the marketing plan expands on the product offering expressed in part one and a new position statement to drive iNKtopia’s positioning strategy. Market Profile The defined target market profile of the consumer group that the company needs to market to is easily defined in the region but covers many different business groups. The target market for iNKtopia’s will be concentrated at first in the region centrally located geographically to the main facility of iNKtopia. This will allow easy access by potential customers to iNKtopia for convenience of use. Being located in the business district also allows iNKtopia to offer pickup and delivery of larger orders directly to the customer. The availability of an established customer base already using the product that iNKtopia has to offer has advantages and disadvantages. Most small businesses in the area use printers in everything from cash registers to small desk computers in the business work place. Most ink purchases are acquired by making a trip to the local office supply where house taking away valuable time from work that could be used for other more important tasks than driving to the store and purchasing ink. The availability of iNKtopia’s on sire delivery can be used an appealing time and cost saver when presented to the business owners. Larger businesses usually have a local contract with a local supply where house that delivers directly to the business. Selling the local angle at lower rates with a personal touch would help make inroads into larger businesses (gunter, 2013). Product Life Cycle The first phase of iNKtopia’s product life cycle is the introduction phase. The introduction phase â€Å"†¦is a period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. Profits are nonexistent because of the heavy expenses of product introduction† (Kotler Keller, 2012, p. 310). iNKtopia will provide ink refilling services to consumers at a more reasonable price and providing quality service with a degree of options to meet customer needs. In this phase iNKtopia will focus on providing a quality product that is cheap to manufacture to help offset startup cost. During this phase, iNKtopia will go with a pricing strategy that will keep the product price low to attract many new customers to the products and services. This is contrary to a pricing strategy that will price the products higher to help recoup start-up cost. INKtopia is focused on providing high quality low cost products and services to its customers. This phase will be critical to the success of iNKtopia because the ink refilling service is a brick and mortar establishment that enables customers to walk-in and refill ink cartridges of all different types at a reasonable price. The products and services that iNKtopia will provide will only be available in iNKtopia stores which will create a greater need to use great promotions, print ads, and television ads to spread the word about the next big thing in ink. Growth Phase The growth phase is â€Å"a period of rapid market acceptance and substantial profit improvement† (Kotler Keller, 2012, p. 310). In the growth phase the sales and profits of iNKtopia products will start to rise. During this phase iNKtopia will keep the product price the same to capitalize on earnings made from the new product while ensuring product quality preserved. During this Phase iNKtopia must expand the products distribution during the growth stage. To achieve product distribution the company can start to deliver services to local business. This will create an option for consumers to avoid the hassle of going out to get ink by having iNKtopia bring the ink to the business. During this Phase iNKtopia will increase advertising on television, print ads, and provide discounts and incentives to customers that want the ink delivered. The increase of advertising will continue to help the company grow, expand, and build a larger consumer base. Maturity Phase The maturity Phase will create â€Å"a slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers† (Kotler Keller, 2012, p. 310). As iNKtopia’s profits become stable or deteriorate because of an increase in competition the company must look to diversify. If the company is successful up to this point the product will unavoidably lead to more competition. Competitors will eventually start introducing similar products, or larger ink companies may simply lower the price of their ink. Therefore iNKtopia will need to diversify or develop new products, services, or lower costs to distinguish iNKtopia’s products from the competitors. Ideally, iNKtopia can enhance customer services and its image to become a leader in the ink industry. This could also be coupled with a change in the pricing strategy by slightly lowering the cost of iNKtopia products. However, iNKtopia will strive to create superior customer service and innovation of the ink business to hopefully create additional sales and attract even more customers. Another promotional idea would be to focus on the environmental aspects of refilling cartages with iNKtopia ink instead of buying a new cartage each time a printer runs out of ink. The company can then focus advertisements on superior customer service and environmental benefits of purchasing product from the iNKtopia. Decline Phase The decline phase is â€Å"when sales show a downward drift and profits erode† (Kotler Keller, 2012, p. 310). Demand for iNKtopia products will in the long run diminish as newer technologies change how documents are viewed. From this time, iNKtopia is limited on options because ink may no longer be the primary source for document printing. INKtopia will have the choice to keep the product and sell it at greatly lower price or to terminate the product and transition to the new printing source. In this specific industry if ink is phased out there is really no way to continue increasing sales because finding a new use for ink is unlikely. It would be ideal to focus on the innovation that technology brings and ultimately move away from ink. The company can focus promotion on other products and services that the company may offer. Product Mix The iNKtopia product mix consists of several different products and services. Figure 1 below shows the width and length of the iNKtopia poduct mix. Figure 1. Product Mix Width and Length for iNKtopia. Cartridge Refills Features: High quality ink for the top 10 printer companies in the world. iNKtopia can refill the existing cartridge within 24 hours of drop-off. In most cases, a replacement cartridge will be given as a complimentary service to customers. Benefits: Fast and convenient service. The complimentary cartridge swap assists customers with minimal down-time. Recycled Cartridge Sales Features: The sale of recycled and refilled ink cartridges for the top 10 printer companies. The cartridges will look brand new and perform at the same level as a new cartridge. Benefits: By reselling recycled ink cartridges, iNKtopia is decreasing the footprint of wasted materials and lowering the cost of goods on to the customer. Customers will rest assured knowing they have a quality product that has saved waste and decreased costs. Contract Ink Service Features: Convenient and on-time ink refilling services. iNKtopia will come to the business location, remove ink cartridges, refill them, and reinstall them in the printers. Quantity of refills per month will depend on the contract service signed. Benefits: This service takes the worry out of running out of ink. Once a cartridge is out of ink a simple phone call or email will dispatch an ink specialist within 4 business hours. The contract service enables companies to plan for ink costs and not worry about the hassle of ordering and replacing ink cartridges. This service is also cheaper than a traditional ink cartridge replacement and is better for the environment. Contract Printer Service Features: Convenient and on-time printer maintenance and repair services. Every service plan includes preventative maintenance service to help reduce future downtime for printing equipment. Depending on the contract service, a specified amount of time for repair will be available each month. Benefits: By purchasing a printer service plan, companies can save money per hour of labor. These plans also take the worry from broken equipment because a printer technician will be onsite within 4 business hours of a service call or email. Branding The branding of iNKtopia begins with the company’s name. The name is a combination of the major service â€Å"ink† and â€Å"topia† which means place. It also reminds consumers of the concept of a utopia; which many people associated as an ideal or perfect place. The name is catchy and identifies the business. The branded name is also used as a symbol on packaging for ink cartridges and shipped boxes. The company graphic is shown below in Figure 2. Figure 2. iNKtopia Logo. Differentiating Characteristics Unlike most ink refilling services, iNKtopia provides a one for one swap of cartridges to minimize customer downtime. Packaging and Labeling Every refilled cartridge will be shrink-wrapped to maintain cleanliness standards. The packaging will consist of iNKtopia graphics and information. Most refilling companies refill cartridges and give them back to the customer. This causes the business to miss a marketing opportunity. By shrink-wrapping the cartridge iNKtopia is able to label the product. The label can serve several purposes, including identifying, grading, describing, and promoting the product (Kotler Keller, 2011). Warranties and Guarantees iNKtopia provides a limited warranty on cartridge refills. Each refill also has an expressed guarantee written on the shrink-wrap around the cartridge. This guarantees a clean, refilled, and operable ink cartridge. If a customer has any concern over the quality or condition of the cartridge it can be returned for no additional charge. In the case of a return due to error, a hardship discount will be applied to the customer’s next purchase. Conclusion The second part of iNKtopia’s marketing plan described the target market, buying behaviors, decision motivators, and organizational target markets. Second, the plan examined methods for managing the stages of the product life cycle, including tactical plans for the Four P’s at each stage. Finally, the plan expanded on the product offering from part one and provided a new positioning statement.

History Of Music :: essays research papers

Music has been around sense the dawn of time. When man first started to discover music it was not the kind of music we have today. All it consisted of was grunts, moans, and banging things. Music has evolved just as much as the people that created it. From Chromagnum men to musician and from grunting too classical music, rock, and rap. The first people imitated music from nature. They mimicked the sound from their every day life. It had no rhythm, beat, or tune it was just noise, but later turned into what we now call music. Ancient people used music for much more than entertainment they used it in every day life. They would yell and scream during battle, blow a horn as a warning, have ceremonies to honor the dead or bring the rain, signal danger, to show your importance in society, it was also used as a healing power. On the front lines of battle would be a soldier that would be holding a drum or a flute. When this was a common act the instruments would be spread around to different cultures after a battle. This brought on a new way of looking at music. Around the 16th century people started to collect instead of play music. A persons hands and feet were the first of all the instruments and is still the most common, because every one has them. A persons hands and feet were readily available, and easy to use. The drum is the second most common percussion instrument. Like most of the other instruments the drum was found by accident when someone hit a hallow log with a stick. The hallowed out stumps then became drums that were decorated. Drums were used for war or for signaling over long distances. The drum was a common instrument because it was so easy to use; all they had to do was strike it. The second percussion instrument was the rattle. The rattle was found later in the time when humans started to grow plants. It was found accidentally when someone picked up a dried out gourd of some sort and shook it. The ancient rattles were readily available because the people that grew the plants were just learning how to grow plant so they made many mistakes. The harp has been around since humans have started to use tools. The harp was founded during the hunt.

Confidence Intervals

The confidence intervals represent upper and lower bounds of variation around each reference forecast. Values may occur outside the confidence intervals due to external shocks, such as extreme weather, structural changes to the economic system, geopolitical events, or technology development. The confidence intervals increase in width throughout the forecast period due to the increasing level of uncertainty in each subsequent year.The upper and lower bounds were based on one to two standard deviations of the historic values, indicating at least a 68 percent probability that future values would be expected to fall within the confidence interval. The confidence interval for the first forecast year is based on one standard deviation and grows linearly until it reaches two standard deviations, or a 95 percent probability. =====================================================================================For example, if we have polled a number of respondents from the home owners let†™s say 3500 respondents, and from those only 1190 are using electricity to heat their homes, this means that 34. 0% are using electricity to heat their homes, p? = 1190/3500 = 34. 0%. And we know that a second sample of 3500 home owners wouldn’t have a sample proportion of exactly 34. 0%. If another group of home owners has taken and we found that they have a sample of proportion of 38. 0%, So the sampling proportion will be the key to our ability to generalize from our sample to the population.Now, we know that the sampling distribution model is centered at the true proportion, p, of all home owners who use electricity to heat their homes. But we don’t know p. it isn’t 34. 0%. That’s the p? from our sample. What we do know is that the sampling distribution model of p? centered at p, and we know that the standard deviation of the sampling distribution is SE(p? ) = v p? q? /n = v(. 34)(1-. 34)/3500 = 0. 008 Because our sample (3500) is large, we know tha t the sampling distribution model for p? should look approximately like the one shown below The sampling distribution model for p? s normal with a mean of p and a standard deviation we estimate to be v p? q? /n. because the distribution is normal, we’d expect that about 68% of all samples of 3500 home owners taken in a specific time would have had sample proportion within 1 standard deviation of p. and about 95% of all these samples will have proportions within p  ± 2 SEs. But where is our sample proportion in this picture? And what value does p have? We still don’t know! We do know that for 95% of random samples, p? will be no more than 2 SEs away from p. so let’s reverse it and look at it from p? ’s point of view. If I am p? there is a 95% chance that p is no more than 2 SEs away from me. If I reach out 2 SEs, or 2 x 0. 008, away from me on both sides, I am 95% sure that p will be within my grasp. Of course, I won’t know, and even if my interva l does catch p, I still don’t know its true value. Now, We don’t know exactly what proportion of home owners using electricity to heat their homes, but we know that it’s within the interval 34. 0%  ± 2 x 0. 8%. That is, it’s between 32. 2% and 35. 6%. † this is getting closer, but we still can’t be certain. We can’t know for sure that the true proportion is in this interval-or in any particular range.We don’t know the exactly the proportion of home owners that use electricity to heat their homes, but the interval from 32. 4% to 35. 6% probably contains the true proportion. † We’ve now fudged twice—first by giving an interval and second by admitting that we only think the interval â€Å"probably† contains the true value. That last statement is true; we can tighten it up by quantifying what we mean by â€Å"probably. † We saw that 95% of the time when we reach out 2 SEs from p? , we capture p, s o we can be 95% confident that this is one of those times, after putting a number on the probability that this interval covers the true proportion,We are 95% confident that between 32. 4% and 35. 6% of home owners using electricity to heat their homes, this is now an appropriate interpretation of our confidence intervals. It’s not perfect, but it’s about the best we can do. Level of Confidence = 95% =1- ? = 0. 05 Sample size (n) = 3500 Sample proportion (p? ) = 0. 34 P complement (q? ) = (1-0. 34) = 0. 66 Sample standard error of a proportion = SE(p? ) = v p? q? /n = v(. 34)(1-. 34)/3500 = 0. 008 Z Score(1 – ? ) = Z Score95% = NORMSINV (1 – ? /2) = NORMSINV (1 – 0. 025) = NORMSINV (0. 975) = 1. 96 Width of Half the Confidence Interval = Z Score(1-? *  S(q? ) = 1. 96 *  0. 008 = 0. 01568 Confidence Interval Boundaries = p? +/- Z Score(1-? )*S(p? )= 0. 34  ± (1. 96) * (0. 008) = 0. 34  ± (0. 01568) = 0. 32432 to 0. 35568 = 32. 43% to 35. 57% We can be 95% certain that the percentage of home owners using electricity to heat their homes is between 32. 43% and 35. 57% 0. 01568 0. 01568 0. 316 0. 3243 0. 332 0. 34 0 . 348 0. 3557 0. 364 0. 316 0. 3243 0. 332 0. 34 0 . 348 0. 3557 0. 364

Philosophies of Education Essay

There are different theories that govern the procedure of learning among students today. Likely, because of the modern culture learning, the said theories are now changed towards the possibility of supporting the modern needs and demands of the students today. Such theories include the philosophies of idealism, realism, neo-thomism, experimentalism and existentialism. Each philosophy addresses different aspects of an individual’s learning and also presents different ways of approaching the subject of education. Idealism  The philosophy of idealism stresses the belief that ideas are the sole truth and the only real things that are worth knowing. Everything that is in this world are mere shadows and distorted images of a more genuine, a more real world. There is a world of ideas on which this world is based and it is only that world which is worth knowing. Proponents of this philosophy focus on the mind and intellectual mechanisms of students. The world of ideas, in the educational setting, becomes the world of the mind. This means an emphasis on fields dealing with symbols and ideas such as history, literature, art, and the like. Realism The philosophy of realism espouses the belief not in a world of ideas but rather in a world of things and beings. Truth, for the realist, is found in observable facts. This means that the realist believes in the world as we see it. The strength of the laws of nature are emphasized. The realist student relies on his or her senses. Learning is thus geared towards fields like math, chemistry, physics, biology, and the like. Neo-Thomism Neo-thomism believes that reality is the universal truth of God. Reality is something that is eternal and unchanging to the neo-thomist. Reality, or universal truth, is only revealed through holy text, such as the Scriptures or through revelations of a divine nature. Although it is only through these two mechanisms that reality can be learned, neo-thomists assert that truth is always supported by human reason. Experimentalism Experimentalism believes in a continuously changing world. Reality, for experimentalists, is what an individual experiences at every precise moment. Experimentalists discover reality through testing and group decisions. An experimentalist student would thus be viewed as an individual who is able to experience different things and coming into contact with other individuals who either add, do nothing, or detract from the said experiences. Emphasis is placed on fields such as sociology, political science, psychology, and other such socially driven fields as well as fields that deal with problem-solving. Existentialism Lastly, existentialism is discussed. This philosophy, originating from the likes of Sartre and Kierkegaard, believes in one’s own interpretation of everything that is around him or her. An individual is able to set for himself or herself a standard for reality and truth. Also, because the individual has this freedom, he or she also has the responsibility over his or her decisions and actions. Reality is, for the true existentialist, subjective. There is no one truth because everyone has their own version of truths and realities. Existentiallist students are free to learn what they want. Discussion is not structured in an existentialist school. Educational Implications of other Philosophies of Education It is undeniable that many of the philosophies of education have had varying impacts and implications on education as a whole. Some of the many theories that have done so include existentialism, behaviorism, perennialism, essentialism, and reconstruction. Existentialsim Existentialism believes in a relative world where every individual is free to create his or her own standards of truth and reality. Because of the propagation of this belief, education has expanded. Curricula are no longer based solely on the scientific method, in symbols, or in the words of a few significant individuals in history. Rather, learning has also become about dialogue between the student and the teacher. It is no longer rare to find teachers believing that they too have learned something from their students. This development is rooted in the principles of existentialism. Teachers are able to see that students are not merely empty vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge. Rather, they are also capable of setting their own versions of reality and of creating their own truths. This is why there are now many classrooms encouraging discourse and free expression. Behaviorism The philosophy of behaviorism emphasizes an individual’s nature to be conditioned, at an early age, to act in particular ways. Students are viewed through the mechanisms of stimulus-response. Behaviorism is behind the educational system’s drive of teaching through modeling and of teaching through a strict implementation of schedules. Rules and regulations in education as well as punishments that come from not following them are based on stimulus-response mechanisms. The most popular impact behaviorism has had on education is the use of grades as a form of reward for those who achieve well in school. Perennialism, as an educational philosophy, espouses a strict and inflexible form of education. It is the philosophy of perennialism that espoused the importance of rational thinking and reasoning. The structure of education, today, is based on the rigidity and conservatism of perennialism. Disciplining of the learner’s behavior in order to achieve reason is a common practice in today’s education and is based on perennialist form. Teaching through structured lessons, controlled teacher-led discussions and class drills are also a few examples of the palpable impacts perennialism has had on education. Essentialism Essentialists believe that there are certain specific skills that an individual must gain in order to have a rational life. The impact of essentialism is clear in today’s educational curricula. There are set subjects for students to learn and basic topics that are believed to be essential in rational living. The basics of reading, writing and math, for example, are never left out of learning. The emphasis education has had on such fundamental concepts are all a result of the teachings of the essentialists. Reconstruction Finally, education has also been impacted by the philosophy of reconstruction. This philosophy revolves on the concept of constant change. The world is constantly changing and humans have to constantly change in order to keep up. The greatest impact it has had on education is the way educators have handled other aspects of the field. Intelligence, for example, is now studied through a multi-dimensional eyepiece. There are now alternative learning procedures developed for the purposes of learners that fall outside the norm. There is more freedom to change educational machinations because of the concepts espoused by reconstruction.

Problem Set Two-MBA 503

Problem Set Two-MBA 503 9-17. Jack Hammer invests in a stock that will pay dividends of $2.00 at the end of the first year; $2.20 at the end of the second year; and $2.40 at the end of the third year. Also, he believes that at the end of the third year he will be able to sell the stock for $33. What is the present value of all future benefits if a discount rate of 11 percent is applied? (Round all values to two places to the right of the decimal point.)PV=[2(1/(1+.11)^1]+[2.2(1/(1+.11)^2]+[2.4(1/(1+.11)^3]+[33(1/(1+.11)^3]PV=2.22+1.28+.98+13.50PV=17.989.22 Your rich godfather has offered you a choice of one of the three following alternatives: $10,000 now; $2,000 a year for eight years; or $24,000 at the end of eight years.a. Assuming you could earn 11 percent annually, which alternative should you choose?b. If you could earn 12 percent annually, would you still choose the same alternative?a. Choice 11st year$10,000*1.11=11,1002ndpyramid film company, dayton, ohioyear$11,100*1.11=12,3213rd year$12,321*1.11= 13, 676.314th year$13,676.31*1.11=15,180.705th year$15,180.70*1.11=16850.586th year$16,850.58*1.11=18,704.157th year$18,704.15*1.11=20,761.608th year$20,761.60*1.11=23,045.38Choice 21st year$2,0002nd year$2,000+($2000*1.11)=42203rd year$2,000 + (2000 * 1.11)+(2000*(1.11^2)=6684.204th year$2,000+(2000*1.11)+(2000*(1.11^2))+(2000*(1.11^3))=9419.165th year$2,000+(2000*1.11)+(2000*(1.11^2))+(2000*(1.11^3))+(2000*(1.11^4))=12455.606th year$2,000+(2000*1.11)+(2000*(1.11^2))+(2000*(1.11^3))+(2000*(1.11^4))+(2000*(1.11^5))=15825.727th year$2,000+(2000*1.11)+(2000*(1.11^2))+(2000*(1.11^3))+(2000*(1.11^4))+(2000*(1.11^5))+(2000*(1.11^6))=19566.558th year$2,000+(2000*1.11)+(2000*(1.11^2))+(2000*(1.11^3))+(2000*(1.11^4))+(2000*(1.11^5))+(2000*(1.11^6))+(2000*(1.11^7)) =23,718.87Assuming I could earn 11% a year, I would choose to receive $24, 000.00 at the end of the eight years.b. Choice 11st year$10,000*1.12=11,2002nd year$11,200*1.12=12,5443rd year$12,544*1.12=14,049.284th year$14,049.28*1.12 =15,735.195th year$15,735.19*1.12=17,623.416th year$17,623.41*1.12=19 738.227th year$19,738.22*1.12=22,106.818th year$22,106.81*1.12=24,759.63Choice 21st year$2,0002nd year$2,000+($2,000*1.12)=42403rd year$2,000+(2000*1.12)+(2000*(1.12^2))=6748.804th year$2,000+(2000*1.12)+(2000*(1.12^2))+(2000*(1.12^3))=9558.665th year$2,000+(2000*1.12)+(2000*(1.12^2))+(2000*1.12^3))+(2000*(1.12^4))=12 705.696th year$2,000+(2000*1.12)+(2000*(1.12^2))+(2000*(1.12^3))+(2000*(1.12^4))+(2000*(1.12^5))=16 230.387th year$2,000+(2000*1.12)+(2000*(1.12^2))+(2000*(1.12^3))+(2000*(1.12^4))+(2000*(1.12^5))+(2000*(1.12^6))=20 178.028th year$2,000+(2000*1.12)+(2000*(1.12^2))+(2000*(1.12^3))+(2000*(1.12^4))+(2000*(1.12^5))+(2000*(1.12^6))+(2000*(1.12^7)) =24 599.39Assuming I could earn 12% a year, I would choose to receive the $10,000.00.9.23 You need $28,974 at the end of 10 years, and your only investment outlet is an 8 percent long-term certificate of deposit (compounded annually). With the certificate of dep osit, you make an initial investment at the beginning of the first year.1. What single payment could be made at the beginning of the first year to achieve this objective?2. What amount could you pay at the end of...

W6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

W6 - Essay Example It takes a relatively long time to accomplish the objectives of quality assurance, and to ascertain that the manufactured goods are within the accepted standards. On the other hand, the main objectives of manufacturing are to reduce the cost of production and factory expenditures and increase the output within the minimum period of time (Thompson 2003). Quality assurance is therefore seen as a factor that can reduce the desired output due to the time it consumes. Manufacturers are faced with the challenge of establishing new methods of designing, producing, selling and distributing products. Automated data collection technology is used by many industries in order to ensure that products conform to the accepted International Standards of Quality while maintaining the manufacturing throughput (Perrow 1967). Failure to adhere to quality standards may lead to reduced marketability of manufactured goods. Throughput in this case is the amount of good quality products produced over a short period of time. Miles and Snow (1978) postulated that the manner in which industries decide to deal with the problem of market share management, manufacturing problem as well as the managerial problem, determines its strategies. My organization uses the strategies of defender organizations. It is usually faced with the problem of managing its market share. However the operating environment has turned out to be stable, which is one of the factors required by such organizations in order for them do perform well. It has measures for enhancement of cost leadership which helps in solving the entrepreneurship issues. It specializes in one area of production, manufacturing consumer goods only, whereby it focuses on the down market which is well established, and helps it to accomplish the objective of offering products at low prices. It accomplishes efficiency through maintaining vertical integration. The organization maintains centralized operations, official procedures

Iraq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Iraq - Assignment Example However, the situation has changed for the better thus indicating that the international community is committed to helping nations protect themselves against external attacks. However, the PM did not state the exact time the offensive might be launched. He said the timing depends on â€Å"our own preparation† and â€Å"the situation on the ground†. With the help of US-led coalition air strikes, soldiers as well as allied Shia militiamen have the coordination needed to retake territory north of Baghdad. Analysis: Mr. Abadi’s actions indicate that he wants to run Iraq unemotionally and rationally as he managed hi engineering firm while in exile in the UK. He wants to be non-discriminative as his predecessor who only pushed for the sectarian interests of the Shia population and ignored Sunni population. He is committed to ending sectarianism and governing in the best interests of the entire Iraq. He is likely to win the battle because Islamic state no longer inspires the terror it once did. The close coordination between Iraqi security forces, civilian volunteer fighters, the US army and the Peshmerga is likely to make the operation a success. Mr. Abadi is certain that Iraq will be able to liberate Mosul without any problems or friction in that